Neonatal Ethics Essay

In this paper, I have portrayed all sides of neonatal morals and have introduced my view with respect to the theme. I have additionally figured out how to incorporate philosophical and chronicled viewpoints with respect to neonatal consideration and morals. At long last, I have offered my own input concerning the arrangement of the issues in question. The moral discussion with respect to the best possible consideration of seriously unwell babies is probably the most seasoned discussion in clinical sciences. In the current occasions, moves toward that are very surprising have been taken to choose about the consideration of such infants. This is the motivation behind why it is exceedingly critical to break down the moral ideas and contentions about numerous issues concerning the neonatal medication. Such moral discussions rotate around â€Å"the estimation of human life; the job of eventual benefits; the purposeful closure of life; and the retention and pulling back of treatment† (Brazier). Mankind has been confronting moral worries since the beginning of human advancement. Undoubtedly, doctors additionally face moral inquiries all the time with respect to one case or the other. In any case, those engaged with neonatal consideration face a ton of moral debates. It's anything but an untold mystery that moral and good issues with respect to the treatment of neonates have infiltrated into various highlights of such cases (Pueschel). At the point when the babies are inside the initial 28 days of their lives, they are known as neonates. Undoubtedly, they every now and again oblige and take care of for babies who fall in any of the three classes I. e. babies brought into the world untimely having birth weight that is exceptionally low, coddles brought into the world following nine months (full-term babies) having serious conditions or children brought into the world with acquired anomalies (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). Anyway gigantic changes have occurred in the advanced occasions and it is presently over five decades that â€Å"neonatal medication has been polished to give specific and concentrated consideration measures planned for improving the wellbeing and endurance of untimely and basically sick newborns† (Carter). In the contemporary world, the moral issues for the most part spin around the dynamic for the advancement of neonates. Such choices involve the thought and assessment of treatment and evaluating whether it would be useful or inadequate for the prosperity of the little person. In this way both present moment and long haul situations identified with the soundness of the kid are thought of while taking a specific choice. The two issues that are of primary worry during the time spent dynamic are the probability to endure restorative/therapeutic inclusion and the personal satisfaction later on. It is significant here to make reference to the most famous instance of neonatal dynamic with respect to Baby Doe. The youngster was brought into the world with Down’s condition and a tracheal-esophageal fistula in 1982. The guardians settled on the hard decision and consented to not fix the fistula with careful mediation. They chose so on the grounds that it was to the greatest advantage of the kid. They didn't need their youngster to keep living a depended and quality-lacking life given by Down’s disorder. At long last, starvation eventually took Baby Doe’s life (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). At the point when neonatal setting is talked about, dynamic in such manner is fairly multifaceted and troublesome. The guardians of genuinely sick neonates need to talk with the consideration suppliers and in the majority of the cases, need to settle on choices concerning the newborns’ life-and-demise treatment. It is too hard to even think about deciding about the destiny of a kid who is being anticipated for such a long time. Simultaneously as it is troublesome for guardians to choose the result of their child’s life, guardians are placed in a troublesome situation to choose so with no unmistakable dynamic procedure. As a result, guardians are regularly given help by suppliers and make nonsensical, stress-loaded and clueless decisions that are not founded on methodical examination however on instinct. Truly, greater part of the picked strategies do â€Å"correspond with what is to the greatest advantage of their newborn† (Panicola 723). Then again, in scarcely any cases, the choices made by guardians result in non-treatment choices for babies who must be given an opportunity for endurance and treatment choices for neonates who must not be allowed to make due because of their amazingly poor state of being (Panicola 723). There might be obligatory, elective or insufficient treatment dependent on the neonatal cases’ one of a kind perspectives. In any case, the doctors and guardians choose to proceed with a specific sort of treatment in the wake of watching the guess of an infant. In the event that the guess looks great, they inevitably choose for clinical intercession important to keep the infant alive. Then again, there are various situations where guardians will not include clinical intervention for the treatment of their youngster. In such periodic conditions, emergency clinics take the assistance of their ethicists for looking for a court request with the goal that the choices of the guardians might be caused incapable and treatment to can be started for the improvement of the infant. The circumstance ends up being progressively famous when there is no satisfactory information in regards to the anticipation of a neonate and the guardians are given the decision to examine their alternatives about the treatment with the doctor (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). Along these lines, it is when bioethics comes into scene that manages the constraints, duties and obligations of the considerable number of individuals who are a significant piece of the dynamic advancement. As a last point, there are additionally various situations when clinical mediation is viewed as inconsequential and fruitless, by the by the specialists and guardians demand to treat the infant. In such conditions, treatment is viewed as hugely irksome and speculative in this way calling attention to that there are little odds of enduring treatment with personal satisfaction at all. Undoubtedly, it thinks about the patient rights, parental rights and doctor obligations and duties (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). It is critical to make reference to here that in the last four to five decades, there has been an earth shattering improvement in the innovation, aptitudes and restorative/remedial intercessions in the neonatal emergency unit (Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). Additionally, specialized capacities have been improved radically permitting increasingly expedient and precise finding, proficient examination and oversight and unambiguous treatment. Exceptional consideration nursery beds are currently accessible in huge numbers and the quantity of notable individuals including the experts and masters has likewise expanded for the fruitful treatment of God’s powerless populace (Carter). Albeit such a remarkable advancement in neonatal consideration has raised accounts of satisfaction and wonderful recuperation of the infant, there have been discouraging and excruciating stories where the babies wound up with serious inabilities (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). As a result, bioethics can be useful and encourage the two doctors and guardians in understanding issues identified with the â€Å"regulation on utilization of test mechanical turns of events and by giving direction in questionable situations† (â€Å"Bioethical Issues †Neonatal Ethics†). In the event that the pages of the past are turned, it is fairly clear that the level of untimely children who figured out how to endure was extremely low. Be that as it may, over the most recent three decades, the progressions in advancements and clinical improvements toward the start of life have completely upset the agreeability of babies’ endurance that conceived before 28 weeks of development. In the current occasions, it has been recorded that in created nations like United Kingdom, in excess of 80% pre-developed infants figure out how to endure and a decent number of the little animals even make due at growth time of only twenty-three weeks. Such headways and advancements are fairly energizing. Notwithstanding, simultaneously, concerns have raised with respect to the human and budgetary expense of such movements under the watchful eye of neonates. As indicated by the exploration, pretty much 20% of the survivors who were brought into the world amazingly untimely have ninety-nine percent odds of having incapacities like cerebral paralysis. A larger part of such survivors are additionally liable to be tested with scholastic and social issues once they are in schools (Wyatt 1). Hence, many individuals are concerned whether endeavors to spare the life of such powerless neonates is a reasonable usage of assets or not. Another logical inconsistency in such manner is that even as colossal ventures are made for making it feasible for an infant to endure, the premature birth of hatchlings is additionally endured for social reasons. In this manner, most definitely, they are raised by the untimely children as well as by babies who have grave convoluted innate abnormalities at the hour of birth. These distortions might be in heart, sensory system, mind, lungs and so on. Subsequently, the moral concerns in regards to neonatal consideration is that whether such infants must be dealt with or clinical intercession be retained? (Wyatt 1). To the extent the verifiable viewpoint and methods of reasoning in regards to the issue of neonatal consideration is concerned, various social orders everywhere throughout the world have considered infants as being less significant when contrasted and the grown-ups. In Greek and Roman social orders, child murder I. e. the intentional killings of babies and the introduction of newborn children was a training that was recognized generally and rehearsed far and wide. As the referenced social orders portrayed themselves for physicality, force and quality so it was anything but an astounding th

Informations Systems Principles free essay sample

Learn to Distinguish Between Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory

Learn to Distinguish Between Implicit and Explicit Long-Term Memory Have you ever found yourself stumped trying to explain to a friend how to get to your place despite having lived there your whole life?Or maybe you hit a block when somebody asked you to tell them the lyrics to a song you were just singing along to? You’re probably familiar with both situations, so what’s the deal?Turns out that the way you remember how to do things just doesn’t match up to the way you remember what to doâ€"they are two wholly different ways of remembering things.As proposed in 1976 by John Anderson, professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, long-term memory can be viewed as the sum of its two complementary halves: implicit and explicit long-term memory.Often confused for each other, implicit (knowing-how) memory and explicit (knowing-that) memory are two sides of the same coin.The methods by which we store the different types of memory differ, as do our means of accessing them: there is no way for a basketball player to study his way into being dr afted by a big-league team.Learning how to tell implicit and explicit memory apart is the essential key to learning new skills and information.FINGERPRINTING IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORYSince the proposal of this division of long-term memory into implicit and explicit memory, a lot of ink has been spilled debating their nature.Cognitive psychology has concerned itself by and large with the processes of memory storage and retrieval and how these kinds of memory interact with the rest of the human psyche.Working within the Atkinsonâ€"Shiffrin model of memory, which divides human memory into long-term and short-term memory, implicit and explicit memory are believed to lie firmly within long-term storage.While the mechanism by which memories are passed from short-term storage into long-term are generally controversial, psychologists who work with long-term memory generally agree on how these memories are stored and formed.Popularly called muscle memory or ‘knowing how, implicit memory stands for the skills, reactions, thoughts, and opinions that we know or hold without any conscious effort on our part.We acquire all of those through experience of course.When a pro league basketball player hits a trey, hes not consciously thinking about the trajectory of the ball or the angle of his feet, it’s as though he just knows how high to aim and how hard to shoot.Implicit memories can be formed consciously just as well as unconsciously, but what’s important is that they’re formed by some sort of action or sensation.In short, they’re formed by feeling or doing. Implicit memory is essentially automatic and generally relies on context and cue to function.For example: you won’t be able to break out into a tango without the riffs of a Latin guitar.Emotional responses are also an implicit memory: someone with a phobia or irrational fear of clowns has, at some point in their life, “learned” to be terrified of them. Despite consciously knowing that a clown should po se no threat, people fear them.While you obviously need a small part of your consciousness, or none at all, to quickly move your hand if you put it under a hot stream of water, it would be a whole another story if you tried to remember to tell a story to your group of friends, with intentions to mention as many details as possible.Having the verb “try” makes all the difference here.In contrary to how implicit memory works, explicit memory consists of information which you learned consciously, and from which you recall memories by involving your will power.In everyday terms, explicit memory is usually what people mean behind the statement that they “know” something.What it is telling us is that once upon a time, they have had an intention to learn a specific statement, or to retain as many details from an important event.This leads to the fact that there are different types of explicit memory, depending on what you are collecting.Recalling movie-like parts of past experiences , in a way reliving them in your head, is a process taking place in the episodic memory.With its name being more than fitting, episodic memory is the part of the brain’s storage which serves the purpose of a memoir, holding in explicitly acts that have passed.A point which might be important to point out regarding episodic memory is that it is not completely reliable.Our memory, in general, is not, but it might be the most significant here.The quite simple explanation is that the human brain can’t store every single detail which goes into an “episode”.The problem is created because humans can be unaware of this, and therefore expect from themselves to actually know every detail, when we really don’t.But, in order to fulfill such expectation, people tend to add some details that in reality never happened.The part of explicit memory which you worked on the most during your education is semantic memory.Having been considered the inhabitancy of general knowledge, its job is to keep conceptual information, such as words, their meanings, and anything that is in the form of a fact.So, the next time you cant remember the exact beginning date of WWI, this is where to direct your thoughts too.Basically, it covers anything that can be explained using language, as long as the knowledge is in the form of a fact of some kind.So it doesn’t have to be the act of remembering a sentence from word to word, by heart, since it also covers ideas that you know something about or concepts.Another interesting field which comes to semantic memory in order to be remembered is mathematics.As one may expect, mathematical equations are covered in semantic memory, because it is a kind of a subject that doesn’t change much over time.And this type of memory has also a function of allowing us to identify information and objects, but also understand the meaning of words, hence the name “semantic”.If this reference didn’t stay with you after high school, semantics is a field of linguistics, and also logic, concerned with meaning, either of words or of implications.With this being said, it can be considered that the main functions of explicit memory are the abilities to recall and to declare.Because of this, you may also come across the equally fitting term “declarative memory”, which is preferred by some cognitive psychologists.Even though it is common knowledge that cognitive functions are developed and controlled in the human brain, it was inevitable that such theory must specify which part of the organ was the main suspect, as it is a usual practice for psychologists who decide to go with the cognitive wave.FOLLOWING THE TRACKS OF NEURAL IMPULSESWhen entering the world of psychology, whether you just type it in your browser, or you prefer having a paper-back pocket manual.Even taking a walk to the library, the physiology of the human nervous system is what you’re going be introduced by.The development of psychology as an independent science sta rted with testing sensory reactions, then paved its way up through conditioned reflexes.Then psychology found one of its main domains on the surface and in depths of the human brain.Truth be told, all of the above-stated phenomena does revolve around the brain, but it took psychology some time to go from the basics and externally visible stuff into the core itself because it isn’t easily accessible in a psychological matter.Having an invasive surgical process, even if it gave access, wouldn’t do much about examining mentalist constructs.Generally, it is needed to find a lot of latent indicators of such constructs through which we can make a conclusion about something that is an impactful factor to one’s behavior or memory.After going through numerous examinations, and surely after getting statistics and physiology involved more in researches considering human mind, psychology and the core brain processes found their similarities and shared interests.The bond has never been bro ken ever since, neither does it seem like it will be in the near, and even far, future.Its name may give out the obvious, but later on, the branch of psychology which ended up making most significant relations with physiology, was cognitive psychology. It didn’t even need as much of invasive experiments as one might expect.As expected, the bond between neuroscience and cognitive psychology has been proven to come out with numerous researches, experiments, and theories. The field of memory is not very different.In an overall broad paper called “The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins” by Eduardo Camina and Francisco Guell (Universidad de Navarra), alongside a lot of other memory models, neural correlates of long-term memory, and naturally implicit and explicit memory, have been broken down.To begin with, it is very important to have in mind that different parts of the nervous system are usually meant to control different parts of your body or to conduct different psychological processes.For example, the spinal cord controls simple reflexes, but centers in your frontal cortex are believed to control your speech amongst other things.This non-chaotic pattern actually serves a good purpose in understanding the way functions of the central nervous system are shared between its different parts.The spinal cord, which physically is placed the lowest in your body, compared to other parts of the nervous system, together with all the nerves that have their roots coming from it.Accordingly, it controls reflexes, which are the most basic actions out of the whole system.Then, in the middle part of the nervous system, which begins somewhere in the high point of your neck, or low point of the backside of your head, has the function to regulate processes which you have no consciousness of, but are a bit more complex, such as breathing and heartbeat.And lastly, the part which takes place from somewhere aro und your ears all up straight to the front part of your head has a major role in everything related to human psyche which makes humans “homo sapiens”.So: speech, behavior, thinking, decision making and, of course, memory are basically contained in your neocortex or the prefrontal lobe (the part of your brain where your forehead is)But, this doesn’t mean that every part of your brain is a player of its own.The most important characteristic considering the human body as a whole is the fact that those systems, even though they have their own prescribed jobs, have to work together and communicate, in order to keep us alive.This is, of course, to be seen when researching every other psychological phenomena (ergo the common use of correlations when dealing with science and statistical side of research).Of course, the millions of synapses in the brain are used for its different parts to communicate.As implicit memory serves a huge purpose in remembering action patterns, scientists ar e led to believe that as you learn more actions, the connections between such centers grow stronger.The main participators turn out to be the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the limbic system. And heres why.Basal ganglia are the part of the brain which is essential for communication, due to their placing.They are surrounded by different brain structures, and they all in a way depend on basal ganglia to spread information.And that is important because implicit memory, like the whole organism itself, works as an everlasting cycle of information.The cerebellum is crucial to executing movements, and that function is easily proven. Apparently, by damaging this area people are stopped from relearning skills.Therefore, a lot of recent studies have shown this part of the brain to be very important in the automating unconscious skills, which are exactly what implicit memory stores.Finally, the limbic system found its role in controlling automatic movements.It contains a kind of protein th at turned up visible on neurological tests conducted on subjects while they were set to proceed with such movements.When speaking in terms of different centers in the nervous system, what is important to know is that they are anything but chaotically shattered in their placing.As mentioned, the frontal cortex is known to control functions like speech. Or your attention span. Actually, your behavior in general.That takes to the conclusion that the frontal cortex is in charge of the consciousness. Even more, it is what makes humans, humans.As it is to be seen in the photos, neither of the three previously mentioned brain structures are quite near the frontal lobe.That’s exactly why they don’t have a crucial impact on your consciousness, but everything to do with implicit memory and unconsciously learned and conducted movements.It is pretty clear that explicit memory storage takes a lot of more work, from creating such memory to start with, then to keep it for years, just in case i t one day you mind end up needing it.Just like you really might want to check that WWI beginning date, because you never know when you might start fancying a history enthusiast.Such information people tend to express in a language form, so, of course, you now remembered that you should take a look in the semantic department of your long term memory.Specifically parietal and temporal lobes are proven to be the most active during the process of remembering such information.Of course, this was proven in an interesting experiment where subjects tended to pair pears and pineapples, instead of pears and light bulbs, even though the latter is more similar in shape.These lobes proved to be essential when it comes to abstract and conceptual knowledge, and therefore semantic memory.When recognizing that the WWI start date was mentioned for the second time around, you probably remembered the first paragraph in which you read it, and it possibly manifested as a small flashback.Now you know that the word “episode” reminded you of earlier mentioned episodic memory, thanks to your semantic memory and abstract, language-based thinking.But, you ask, where exactly is this endless episode TV show of your past taking place?To understand this, it is best to truly look at those memories as if they were a multimedia construct. So, what is a TV show consisted of? Think in terms of your senses.Firstly, there is obviously the visual part.This characteristic is handled by centers in a part of the ventral temporal cortex because that is exactly where the nerves from the eyes come to an end.Before you keep a memory, you must perceive something which that memory will be made of.Secondly, since the ages of silent films are long gone, to have a true movie-like quality you must have sound together with the picture.The storage area for such stimuli is placed in the ventral lateral cortex. It is an area near the ears, and thats exactly where all the auditory memory comes to stay.And finally , the one to manage and organize the way you remember experiences in such a way is the hippocampus. How was that proven?Well, yet once again lab rats were sacrificed in the name of science, and it turns out that they werent able to organize what they felt as a whole, let alone have a memory of it.Even though not everyone is a biology enthusiast, this kind of rundown serves the purpose of making psychological processes closer to you.Now, it’s not just something hypothetical just floating around in the air, if you tried really hard and went to finish needed degrees, you could even touch it.Besides putting such concepts into a concrete shape and environment, people tend to understand the world better when information is put in complete wholes.That is what Gestalt psychology, one of the predecessors of modern cognitive psychology, proposed as their main thesis.WHAT PICTURE DOES THIS PIECE OF THE PUZZLE FIT?At this point, you know that long-term memory serves the purpose of a keeper fo r everything that had happened throughout your life, and has managed to stay with you.The way the human brain is built, also makes it a diverse cognitive function, it has a few different parts that serve some quite different purposes.Long-term memory is only the last destination every experience tends to end up at, and it is only one final part of the whole remembering process.Imagine as if long-term memory is the job you educated yourself for, for years, and there were quite a few places and finish a long list of projects to be done.Of course, there was a lot of information you heard along the way, which you do not remember now, but in a way, forgetting it also helped you to come where you might are, your final destination.To start with, as said earlier, before something becomes a memory, it must be experienced.The way people feel is broken down to simple stimuli, that is received by your sensorial organs. Therefore, the simplest form of memory is sensory memory.Sensory memory has a short span â€" it retains information for only 1/5 to ½ of a second. Depending on which sense is activated by certain stimuli, there are different types of sensory memory.The reason why this memory is so short-timed is that if we did remember every single stimulus from the outer world, we would be overwhelmed and dysfunctional.When all sensorial experiences go through the filter of attention, which makes the difference between important and unimportant information from around us, they arrive at short-term memory.Short-term memory, also called work-memory, is where information is being processed. There, it can stay for about 10 to 15 seconds, or up to a minute.Its main function is to choose between which information is going to be sent to long-term memory, and which is going to end up being forgotten. Attention span characteristic here denote holding 7 ± 2 information at a time.Finally, when after all the filtering an experience ends up being remembered, the beginning date of WWI able to be recalled and the ability to ride a bike becomes something you can rarely fail to do, your experiences have reached the second to last step in the process of remembering.LAST STEP TO REMEMBERINGWhile the actual expiration date of a memory which made it to the long-term storage is still unknown to psychology, or rather, is still something no one can agree on, we all know that forgetting exists.We are aware that once there was something we knew and now we do simply not.Equally to the lasting of long-term memory, there still hasnt been a theory about forgetting which everyone can agree on.They differ from it being a spontaneous process to making it an active process based on interfering, to believing that it doesnt exist and that we have it all stored somewhere only waiting to be used.When considering this subject, it is wise to remember that the existence of the debate is actually a good place for science to be.It can inspire, and when it is done inspiring it can result in a new conclusion which no one ever expected, and it could end up changing and improving everything.It should also be considered about that matter how psychology as a whole, and even more the differential branches of it, are such a new, young science that it is kind of impossible to expect to have formed explanations. And for them to be as valid as people think those in physics are.To add, this might be good to remember in general. How nothing that you look at as a dogmatic subject can push you towards improvement.Like you can never improve your ability to learn and remember if you are always absolutely sure that your memory is unflawed.But, why do we forget is maybe not something we should worry about, given how little is known about it.Rather than that, the huge base of research and neurological proof of the way we remember should be used to improve our everyday life.Even if you don’t know where your hippocampus is, you know that the mixture of visuals and audios is something tha t makes your experiences held still in your memory. You also know how abstract connecting proved to be more intuitive to humans than concrete, iconic thinking. Most importantly, memory and the human psyche, in general, continues to be the proof of how the harmonic functioning of many different structures tends to give the best results.Next time you have a hard time remembering a very important fact, associate it with your experience.Just because types of memories are physiologically separated, it doesn’t mean they should be worked within that same separated way. Actually, it might be exactly why they in any way shouldnt.

Conflicts Are Parts Of Life - 1411 Words

Conflicts are parts of life. Every person has his or her beliefs, ideas, goals, thought process, and he/she approaches the issue according to their abilities, urges and desires. This distinct behavior of humans leads to differing opinions and conflicts. Humans are the most unpredictable creatures and their differing nature makes the disagreements inevitable and sometimes it can lead to long-lasting conflicts. Mismanagement of conflict in domestic life can cause loss of relationships, and negligence of conflicts in professional life can lead to loss of jobs, failed careers, or collapses of organizations. Therefore, conflict management has become very crucial especially in professional lives. The intensity of conflict depends on the temper†¦show more content†¦My team was thinking that its idea is much better. I met with the manager of the other team, and he was not ready to accept our idea. At this time the disagreement commenced. Patience is the key to resolve any conflict, however, unfortunately every person does not distinguish that. Various people of both teams were high tempered. This situation was the test of my skills to lead my team and resolve the matter for the betterment of the organization. I took the both teams to the conference room to keep the matter away from the other staff. To move forward in any conflict, it is necessary that both parties listen to each other carefully irrespective of their personal perspective. Since it was a serious matter because the successes of the project and heavy resources of the organization were at the stake, so there was no place for arrogance. As a friendly gesture, I decided to give the other team first chance to explain their proposal. After listening to each other, we were not able to finalize anything and on some occasion the discussion got very intense. Voices raised, harsh words exchanged, emotions shattered, and atmosphere in the room got stern. Although the conflict was totally of professional natu re, it could transform into the personal one if proper actions were not taken. After the long and intense debate, it was clear that no team is going to

Essay about “Learning in the Shadow of Race and Class, ”

As Bell Hooks speaks about in her essay â€Å"Learning In The Shadow Of Race And Class,† certain college students, such as herself, appear to have â€Å"boundaries† placed upon them that cause great struggle. Typically there is a reason behind these â€Å"boundaries,† and in some cases it may be the fault of the person that is enduring these struggles, whether they realize it or not. While Bell is not completely at fault for how she lives her life, the way Bell Hooks was raised helped shape the way she would view her life and the people around her. Bell’s mother’s methods of raising a child are what led her to hate her time in school as much as she did, and how she will live her life afterwards. Growing up in a low-income home, Bell Hooks was forced†¦show more content†¦Every conflict in Bell’s life can be traced back to her childhood, and her mother’s parenting methods. If Bell was told to strive for what she did not have , then she may have been accepted by her peers. It is clear that she wanted to be accepted by her classmates, because otherwise she would not have been hurt by how they treated her. If Bell was taught to strive for what she did not already possess, whether it was friends or material objects, she would have had a completely different school experience. It’s pretty clear that Bell Hooks hated her time in school, and the reasons for this go back to how her mother raised her. Bell was taught that it was wrong to strive for what you did not already possess, and because of this she did not make the most of her years in school. She believed wanting to be accepted by her peers, and wanting to resolve her other conflicts, was wrong, and because of this she grew to hate everything about her life at school. The â€Å"boundaries† that she believes were places upon her were the boundaries of her upbringing. Works Cited Miller, James S. Acting Out Culture: Reading And Writing. 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The way they walk, talk, and express themselves, allow society to favor the young, impoverished black male. Not only does the cool pose bring them a cer tain sense of success, but also it brandsRead MoreMy Experience At The Whelchel Family Life Center1698 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches depending on their subject and the type of students that they have. This semester, I had the opportunity to apply information from a class to real world situations. Through my field experience at the Whelchel Family Life Center, I was able to see the challenges associated with teaching different social classes, different demographics, and different learning styles. I was able to learn how to navigate through common challenges from observing my mentoring instructors, which in turn will help meRead MoreThe Writing Style : The Canoe And The Saddle845 Words   |  4 Pagesreadings. I have added this to my post-graduation reread list. 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Spectrophotometry Free Essays

Spectrophotometry is a vary specific type of Spectroscopy which measures how much light is absorbed by measuring the intensity of the light beam that is not absorbed (transmittance).The word â€Å"Spectra† means the range of wavelength, â€Å"Photo† means light or photons and â€Å"Metry† is the measuring how much light a chemical substance absorbs which it calls the absorbance. But what we do is measure how much light of the original light beam gets through (transmittance). We will write a custom essay sample on Spectrophotometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, those are related to each other absorbance and percent transmittance mathematically.The basic way to works is the incident light which usually contain different kind of wavelength, for example when we see something have a red color that means the object is absorbs all colors’ wavelength except red. It is helpful to know the color wheel because the color wheel will help you to understand or getting the idea of where in the visible spectrum you would except to see the best absorbance.The work principle of spectrophotometry in (Figure 1): Firstly, we have a light source typically white light contains all wavelengths. We want to collimate the light or make all the wavelengths parallel to one another so, the special collimator or lens can does that, then we pass the light beam through a prism to splits the light into its various wavelength so, for regular white light you get all the colors of the rainbow. Spectrophotometer does not just shine all that light at the sample, it shines a vary specific wavelength of light and we can choose that normally by moving a slit in the way of the one wavelength of light or color that we would like to shine through the sample. That particular color of light will then shine through the sample, some of it will be absorbed and some of it will be transmitted. (Io) is the incident light that is the first enters, and (It) is the amount of light that is transmitted through after some has been absorbed. The remaining light that gets through hits a photocell, photocell is a solid-state detector that picks up how much light, then it prints out on a digital display either absorbance how much was taken away or percent transmittance how much light go through and those two are related. Briefly,  you can determine the unknown concentration of the sample by using Beer-Lambert Law which states: there is a linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of a sample. Mathematical formula of Beer’s Law is: A=?lcA  is the measure of absorbance.?  is the molar extinction coefficient or molar absorptivity.l  is the path length.-439528256528center842086600left221268Figure 100Figure 1c  is the concentration (which is required).There are special techniques for investigating fast reactions which have half-live less than a few secondsLet us take an example for the simplest fast reaction technique (the continuous flow method) which will be used to study the kinetics of the formation of the ferric thiocyanate complex FeSCN+22120900145742100 For the fast reaction between ferric and thiocyanate ions in an acid solution of constant pH, the observed behavior is consistent with the simple mechanism: center2191301Where kf is the bimolecular forward rate constant and kr is the unimolecular reverse rate constant. So, the rate law from this equation is:center27279960Recall that the equilibrium constant K is related to the rate constant by:15775923297435 Where the sign ? means the equilibrium (t=?) value:31439213903453641206384715300At any time (t), Using these relations, and then rewrite the equation in the form:1965852489141700To simplify the integration of this equation, we will choose the experimental conditions such that [Fe+3] ;; [SCN-]. This will allow us to assume that [Fe+3] is essentially constant during the reaction. The initial conditions are chosen so that [FeSCN+2]0= at t=0 we find:This an approximate solution which becomes exact only when [Fe+3] is constant. In real practice, [Fe+3]0 will be chosen to be ten times larger than [SCN-]0, so that [Fe+3] will be more by about 10 percent during the reaction.2803525690943500-569595690918400If a plot of ln](FeSCN+2)? – (FeSCN+2)[ versus t is linear, then the first order dependence on [SCN-] and [FeSCN+2] is confirmed. The rate dependence on [Fe+3] has been established as first order. -5779714625Schematic diagram of system for driving reactant solution.00Schematic diagram of system for driving reactant solution.452856889798Spectrophotometry setup00Spectrophotometry setupProcedure for an example of use Spectrophotometer technique in fast reaction: Firstly, turn on the spectrophotometer and leave it warm up before using. The wavelength setting should be 455 nm throughout the entire experiment. With both reagent stopcocks A and B and the vent stopcock V closed, slowly increase the gas pressure on the reagent solutions until Bourdon pressure gauge indicates about 500 Torr pressures above 1 atm. With the outlet stopcock C open, open and close the reagent stopcocks A and B several times to make sure that both solutions are flowing smoothly and to remove any air bubbles from the system. Use a beaker to catch the outflow from the capillary tube. Then set the capillary frame at the first fiducial mark which nearest to the mixing chamber, and carry out the three following steps:1- Open Stopcock A and allow the Fe+3 solution to flow for a sufficient time to remove from the capillary tube any solution containing FeSCN+2 species. Then close stopcock A and the outlet stopcock C.2- Open the outlet stopcock C then turn both stopcocks A and B to their fully open positions. Catch the outflow of solution from the capillary in a beaker until the flow becomes stable. Then quickly switch the outlet tube from the beaker to a volumetric flask and simultaneously start a timer. When It is full, stop the timer and record the time. Return the outlet tube to the beaker. Then carrying out the above flow rate measurement, you should determine the absorbance A of the reaction mixture and record that value together with the distance x from the mixing chamber. Work quickly to avoid any interference of the reagent solution.3- When both the flow and absorbance measurements are complete, close the outlet stopcock C and then close both stopcock A and B. This is a crucial step in the procedure. If A and B are left open, solution may siphon from one carboy to the other. After a few minutes, determine the absorbance again to obtain the infinite time value. Verify that this value does not change after one more minute. For the next run, move the capillary support frame so as to line up the second fiducial mark and repeat the first and third steps at this this new distance setting, be careful in moving the capillary support frame.Make two runs at each of the six or seven positions along the capillary tube. Use special care in making the absorbance readings at large values of x. If time permits, you should also take data at a different driving pressure. Either increase or decrease the gas pressure depending on weather you need more data at low percent reaction or at high, but it may not be safe to exceed about 700 torr overpressures.In this experiment, more of solution A will be used up than solution B if the Fe+3 solution is always used in the first step to make the zero adjustment of the spectrophotometer at each distance setting. The resulting change in the liquid level for A relative to that for solution B may change the relative flow rates of these solutions. This can be avoided by alternating the use of solution A and B for making the zero adjustments.References:1- Physical chemistry by  Gilbert William Castellan.2- msu.edu.3- Wiley online library. 4- UKessay.5- AliHayek.com How to cite Spectrophotometry, Papers Spectrophotometry Free Essays 5448300-52387500-523875-53340000 Kinetics Chemistry Student Name:Saba Ahmad Bin Humaid Supervisor:Dr. Alia Abdulaziz Alfi Group Number: 41438-1439 Spectrophotometry is a technique which can be used for identifying reactants’ concentrations.Spectrophotometry is an absorbance device which can measures the fraction of the incident light transmitted through a solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Spectrophotometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now More clearly, it is used to measure the amount of light that passes through particles of the sample and by differentiation of the initial intensity of light reaching the sample, it indirectly measures the amount of light absorbed by that sample. Spectrophotometers are made to transmit light of narrow wavelength ranges. A certain compound will not absorb all wavelengths evenly that’s why things have different colours. Some compounds absorb only wavelengths outside of the visible light spectrum and that’s why there are colourless solutions such as water. Because different compounds absorb light at different wavelengths, a spectrophotometer can be used to differentiate compounds by analyzing the type of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample. In addition of that, the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of absorbing compounds in that sample, so a spectrophotometer can also be used to determine concentrations of compounds in solution.To studying a compound in solution by spectrophotometry, you put it in a sample holder called a cuvette and place it in the spectrophotometer. Light of a specific wavelength passes through the solution inside the cuvette and the amount of light transmitted or absorbed by the solution is measured by a light meter. While a spectrophotometer can exhibit measurements as either transmittance or absorbance, in biological applications we are usually interested in the absorbance of a given sample. Because other compounds in a solution (or the solvent itself) may absorb the same wavelengths as the compound being analysed, we compare the absorbance of our test solution to a reference blank. The reference blank should contain everything found in the sample solution except the substance you are trying to analyse or measure.Briefly,-5143507591425003467100758190000  you can determine the unknown concentration of the sample by using Beer Lambert Law which states: there is a linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of a sample. Mathematical formula of Beer’s Law is: A=?lcWhere:A  is the measure of absorbance.?  is the molar extinction coefficient or molar absorptivity.l  is the path length.c  is the concentration (which is required).There are special techniques for investigating fast reactions which have half-live less than a few secondsLet us take an example for the simplest fast reaction technique (the continuous flow method) which will be used to study the kinetics of the formation of the ferric thiocyanate complex FeSCN+22120900145742100 For the fast reaction between ferric and thiocyanate ions in an acid solution of constant pH, the observed behavior is consistent with the simple mechanism: center2191301Where kf is the bimolecular forward rate constant and kr is the unimolecular reverse rate constant. So, the rate law from this equation is:center27279960 Recall that the equilibrium constant K is related to the rate constant by:15775923297435Where the sign ? means the equilibrium (t=?) value:31439213903453641206384715300At any time (t), Using these relations, and then rewrite the equation in the form:1965852489141700To simplify the integration of this equation, we will choose the experimental conditions such that [Fe+3] ;; [SCN-]. This will allow us to assume that [Fe+3] is essentially constant during the reaction. The initial conditions are chosen so that [FeSCN+2]0= at t=0 we find:This an approximate solution which becomes exact only when [Fe+3] is constant. In real practice, [Fe+3]0 will be chosen to be ten times larger than [SCN-]0, so that [Fe+3] will be more by about 10 percent during the reaction.2803525690943500-569595690918400If a plot of ln](FeSCN+2)? – (FeSCN+2)[ versus t is linear, then the first order dependence on [SCN-] and [FeSCN+2] is confirmed. The rate dependence on [Fe+3] has been established as first order. -5779714625Schematic diagram of system for driving reactant solution.00Schematic diagram of system for driving reactant solution.452856889798Spectrophotometry setup00Spectrophotometry setupProcedure for an example of use Spectrophotometer technique in fast reaction: Firstly, turn on the spectrophotometer and leave it warm up before using. The wavelength setting should be 455 nm throughout the entire experiment. With both reagent stopcocks A and B and the vent stopcock V closed, slowly increase the gas pressure on the reagent solutions until Bourdon pressure gauge indicates about 500 Torr pressures above 1 atm. With the outlet stopcock C open, open and close the reagent stopcocks A and B several times to make sure that both solutions are flowing smoothly and to remove any air bubbles from the system. Use a beaker to catch the outflow from the capillary tube. Then set the capillary frame at the first fiducial mark which nearest to the mixing chamber, and carry out the three following steps:1- Open Stopcock A and allow the Fe+3 solution to flow for a sufficient time to remove from the capillary tube any solution containing FeSCN+2 species. Then close stopcock A and the outlet stopcock C.2- Open the outlet stopcock C then turn both stopcocks A and B to their fully open positions. Catch the outflow of solution from the capillary in a beaker until the flow becomes stable. Then quickly switch the outlet tube from the beaker to a volumetric flask and simultaneously start a timer. When It is full, stop the timer and record the time. Return the outlet tube to the beaker. Then carrying out the above flow rate measurement, you should determine the absorbance A of the reaction mixture and record that value together with the distance x from the mixing chamber. Work quickly to avoid any interference of the reagent solution. 3- When both the flow and absorbance measurements are complete, close the outlet stopcock C and then close both stopcock A and B. This is a crucial step in the procedure. If A and B are left open, solution may siphon from one carboy to the other. After a few minutes, determine the absorbance again to obtain the infinite time value. Verify that this value does not change after one more minute.For the next run, move the capillary support frame so as to line up the second fiducial mark and repeat the first and third steps at this this new distance setting, be careful in moving the capillary support frame.Make two runs at each of the six or seven positions along the capillary tube. Use special care in making the absorbance readings at large values of x. If time permits, you should also take data at a different driving pressure. Either increase or decrease the gas pressure depending on weather you need more data at low percent reaction or at high, but it may not be safe to exceed about 700 torr overpressures.In this experiment, more of solution A will be used up than solution B if the Fe+3 solution is always used in the first step to make the zero adjustment of the spectrophotometer at each distance setting. The resulting change in the liquid level for A relative to that for solution B may change the relative flow rates of these solutions. This can be avoided by alternating the use of solution A and B for making the zero adjustments.References:1- Physical chemistry by  Gilbert William Castellan.2- msu.edu.3- Wiley online library. 4- UKessay.5- AliHayek.com How to cite Spectrophotometry, Papers Spectrophotometry Free Essays Spectrophotometry: is a device to measure the amount of light in the material used. this device consists of two parts: the first is the light source, and the second is the photometer . the work principle of this device : the liquid or material that we want to measure the elements inside is placed in a tub, this tube is then placed between the light source and the photometer . We will write a custom essay sample on Spectrophotometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now So that the amount of light passing through the sample is measured by photometer. when a photometer is exposed to light, it acquires or generates an electrical signal that changes with the amount of light absorbed by the liquid . this change in light absorption depends on the change in the concentration of the substance. the way work this device: this device it measures the absorption of light by liquid materials at different wavelengths, and thus can identify a number of unknown substances or calculate known concentrations of materials . Stepped flow Technique:is a rapid mixing device, to study the kinetics of quick chemical reactions in solutions . this device contains two reactants which are kept in separate reservoirs and are prevented from flowing freely . the interaction starts by installing the reactants in the device. these materials are then released to the mixing chamber, which mixes these interacting materials , the reaction is then monitored by observing the change in the absorption of the reaction solution . When the reaction progresses, it fills the â€Å"stop syringe† that expands until it reaches the point at which the interaction reaches a continuous flow , thus stopping flow or interaction sodium reacts strongly and quickly with water and produces a solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, a colorless solution. During the reaction sodium can be heated and It may ignite and burn with an orange flame . Hydrogen gas released during the combustion process reacts with oxygen in the air . The resulting solution is basic because of the melting of sodium in the water. this interaction between sodium and water is an exothermic reaction. sodium reaction with water is the closest to explosion. Na +2 H2O ?2 NaOH + H2. this search used this interaction and because it is fast, it uses the stepped-flow techniques method to control it Rate=- (d[Na])/dt=-1/2 (d[H2O])/dt=1/2 (d[NaOH])/dt+(d[H2])/dt How to cite Spectrophotometry, Papers

Case Study of the Company Called CASPER Free Sample for Students

Question: You have to Write a Case Study of the Company Called CASPER. the Website address is casper.com. Answer: Introduction Background Information The use of the social media and the internet to conduct business activities is growing at an alarming rate. Most companies have websites to help them reach the target audience by connecting them to their social sites which include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. Competition has increased globally. But how do firms withstand this challenge? Casper is a privately owned company which is located in the United States, New York City. The Company conducts most of its business activities online. Casper was launched in 2014 by Philip Krim, Jeff Chapin, Luke Sherwin, Gabriel Flateman and Neil Parikh (Casper, 2017).The firms objective was to increase the distribution of mattresses in the US (Weinberg, 2014). To make people aware of the company, it uses a website to carry on its activities. Most of the manufacturing operations take place in Pennsylvania and Georgia. The online business strategy has made Casper be among the companies with high returns inwards in the US. But how is this possible yet several companies run such kind of business online? Through ventures from several firms and people, Casper was able to expand its business activities from the US to include Canada in November 2014. Some of the great individuals who have invested with Casper include celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and Adam Levine (Allen, Yaeckel Allen, 2011).The venture companies include Pritzker Group Venture Capital and Crosslink Partners. Funding from these sources has impacted the companys gross profits. Currently, Casper is among the most successful companies competing with companies like Norwegian Cruise Ship (NCL) making it in the list of enterprises able to make more than one hundred million US dollars ($100 million) in less than two years. The future of the company seems to be great especially with the growing technology. Products Casper specializes in mattresses. The mattresses consist of hybridized blend of two materials across four single layers. The layers are: Top layer which is 1.5 " comprising of open-cell synthetic Dunlop to keep cool at night. Third layer- which is 5 " made of high-density viscoelastic foam for pressure relief. Second Layer which is 5 " which provides comfort and consistent weight distribution Base layer. It is made of polyurethane form which strengthens the support Business Model Casper makes good use of its business models which entails clients buying mattresses online. Customers make orders, and the mattresses are delivered to them. Casper also has provided its consumers with one type of mattress, therefore, giving the user an easy time to choose. Other companies provide the consumer with several choices which leave them with the difficulty of determining which the best type of mattress to buy is (Watson, 2015). Being objective in the kind of mattress to provide is a very helpful strategy for the company in its operational model. Most people will go for mattresses from Casper simply because they are sure of what type and quality to expect. Nevertheless, the elimination of the middlemen in the distribution channels makes the companys products affordable to many. The application of Middlemen in the supply chain increases the cost of the final product in the retail shops. What if we do away with retail stores? Then we will have to buy the mattresses from the m anufacturers who are of course cheaper as compared to buying from retailers (Muehlhausen, 2013). Another strategy employed by the company is through investing in advertising. Most people living in New York City know about the existence of Casper through their adverts which can be located in taxis, posters, and billboards. Above all, the buying of mattresses online has promoted the organizations activities. My Evaluation of the Strategy and Future Prospects Casper has good strategies which have enabled it to shine in the market. The market competition is very stiff, and there is the need for a company to bring up the best strategy possible. We can evaluate the significance of these strategies through the SWOT and PEST analysis of the company (Pahl, 2013). SWOT Analysis Strengths: Casper has a well-developed website which is easily accessible to many clients willing and able to trade with them. Casper is located in New York City which is economically and politically stable. The organization has a well-established administration hierarchy. The company has several able financial investors who make it possible to operate even during financial crisis weakness The company deals with only one line of product. It does not entail diversity. Opportunities : Use of social media platforms to advertise and create awareness of Casper Company. With more funding from the investors, Casper can expand its activities as well as structures. Threat. Several competitors are diverse hence providing people with alternatives to choose from. PEST Analysis Political Environment Casper is located in the US which is a politically stable nation. The politically stable environment has provided the firm with a conducive environment to work in. The US government has set laws which help to protect the environment, as well as the consumers. This has made the organization to operate under a defined ethical framework. Operating under moral framework has assisted in building the organizations trust and reputation hence attracting more clients (Marmol Probert, 2015). Economic Environment Casper Company is located in the United States which economically stable. This means that the consumer income is high hence making it possible for them to pay for the companys products. With globalization, so many people are moving into the US. This increasing population provides labor and market for the firm (Weaver, 2013). Social Environment The US population growth rate is increasing rapidly due to globalization and the immigrants. This has lead to the rise in the number of people who rely on the company for mattresses. Sleep is among the basic needs of people which must be fulfilled. Visitors do not know which the best choices is in a foreign nation are. Therefore, having one single choice provides Casper an advantage to trade over competitors. Technological environment. The Casper firm has employed modern technologies in advertising and getting access to its clients. Due to multimediality which is supported by the new technologies, Casper is able to upload pictures, Videos or audio materials which will make them promote their products. Nevertheless, most people in the US have access to devices which can support internet services. These people can access the organizations website from any place and make their orders. Ratio The financial ratios of the company are well balanced. For instance, the liquidity ratio which is derived from the current business ratio is well off. The firm has enough liquid cash to help in running the business activities and respond to emergencies. Casper also makes huge profits. For instance, within its two years of operation, the firm had made more than one hundred US dollars. Having a balanced financial ratio is the key to the success of any business. Nevertheless, good financial statements are useful in determining the future of the company. Strategy evaluation of the Casper industry can be done through the analysis of the different financial ratios. Currently, their strategies are working well. The company has made lots of profits from the sale of mattresses (Tirole, 2012). Summary Casper mattresses firm is well performing in the US. Its strategies are significant in achieving its objectives. There are several companies which operate online but never get to make profits like Casper (Orsburn, 2011). What might be the reason behind this? Through analyzing the Casper case study, we find out that Casper has employed more than one strategy to acquire its potential stability. For instance, providing consumers with one kind of product, therefore, making their choices easy, investing in online advertisements through their well-established website and investing in other forms of advertising in the streets like for instance in cars and billboards. From the SWOT and PEST analysis, we find out that Casper has more potential of growth. The politically and economically stable environment, the emerging new technologies and the social media all play a major role in the continuity of the company. I think the best business model employed by the firm is the elimination of the middlemen in the distribution channel. Middlemen entail the inclusion of retailers. When retailers buy goods from the manufacturers, they incur several types of costs which include transportation, purchasing, labor, the cost of hiring their premises, packaging costs and so many others. For them to compensate these expenses, they will have to sell their products at high costs. For instance, a commodity bought by a retailer from a manufacturer can reach the final consumer at a price which is almost as twice as the price the retailer bought it from the manufacturer. This scares away the consumers who will in most cases prefer to buy from the manufacturer. In fact, I can say that this is a competitive advantage Casper uses to withstand the market competition (Vance, 2015). Despite the application of the single product serving well for the company, there is a need for diversity so that in future Casper can make more profits. References Casper. (2017, March 28). LIVE THE DREAM. Retrieved from Casper: https://casper.com/ Marmol, T, Feys, B., Probert, C. (2015). PESTLE analysis. Place of publication not Identified: 50Minutes Pahl, N., Richter, A., University of Applied Science Berlin. (2013). SWOT analysis: Idea, Methodology and a practical approach. Munchen: GRIN Verlag Allen, C., Kania, D., Yaeckel, B., Allen, C. (2011). One-to-one web marketing: Build a Relationship marketing strategy one customer at a time. New York: John Wiley. Weinberg, T. (2014). The New Community Rules: Marketing on the Social Web. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc. Vance, D. E. (2015). Raising Capital. Boston, MA: Springer Science Business Media, Inc Watson, D., Serious Investor Groups. (2015). Business models: Investing in companies and Sectors with strong competitive advantage. Petersfield [England: Harriman House Pub. Muehlhausen, J. (2013). Business Models for Dummies. Hoboken: Wiley Price, Waterhouse Co., Price Waterhouse (Firm), Price Waterhouse (Firm)., Price Waterhouse World Firm Services BV, Inc. (1980). Doing business in the United States. New York: Price, Waterhouse Weaver, F. S. (2013). The United States and the global economy: From Bretton Woods to the current crisis. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Orsburn, E. M. (2012). The social media business equation: Using online connections to grow your bottom line. Australia: Course Technology PTR. Campbell, D. (20116). Business Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan Tirole, J. (2012). Financial crises, liquidity, and the international monetary system. Princeton, NJ [u.a.: Princeton Univ. Press